Animal Cruelty Analysis

Animal Cruelty Shawn Brinkley Devry University Animal Cruelty Animal cruelty is something we hear about every day on the television from all the different shows. We think we understand the whole concept in which someone can be like that to an animal. The type of person that treats a animal like an object instead of a living breathing thing on this earth is someone that has certain issues that we all can not truly explain. Animal cruelty; what is animal cruelty? Is it cruelty to animals at any point, or is it just for self-glorification? There are many forms of animal cruelty.Most see animal cruelty as a intentional hatred or violence towards animals in which the animals suffer for no known reason other than possible self-satisfaction or glorification of the individual. While some people only think of animal cruelty in the confines of domestic animals e. g. dogs, cats, and other household pets, it extends far beyond that. Cruelty to animals, also known as animal abuse or animal neglec t consists of inflictions of suffering or harm upon animals of the non-human type. Animal abuse can be narrowed down to specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur.The term animal cruelty often arises when opinions differ in respect to the method of slaughter of the animal. Certain cruelty to animals encompasses inflicting harm for personal amusement or to fulfill zoo sadistic impulses, such as inflicting physical harm that can leave the animal disfigured. In looking into animal abuse or animal neglect you may find two different ways to approach the issue. Looking into this further, animal welfare has a position that there is nothing inherently wrong with using animals for human purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, and research.Although this does mean these things have to be done in a humane way to minimize unnecessary pain and suffering to the animals themselves. Animal theorist have also criticized that these reason can be argued by the words such as â€Å"unnecessary† and â€Å"Humane† being that they are widely differing interpretations. One argument is to insure protection for animals by making them not to be considered as property and never used as commodities as well. The legal side of this is that the law is designed to prevent the needless cruelty to animals, like killing the animals for fun instead of utilizing the animal for food.Specific countries may frown upon certain animals being used as a source of food having instated in the laws that the cruelty of this is something that will be looked over and not enforced. As a country does not enforce their own laws on the cruelty of the animals this leaves the wide variety of cruelty being looked at closely. Many countries jurisdictions vary around the world having enacted statutes for which forbidden cruelty to some animals may vary and in some cases by the use or practices. There are many reasons individuals abuse animals, cruelty to animals covers a wide range of actions or the lack of action.As we learn about the animal abuse in the world we see certain patterns of behavior employed by most abusers. When we look into animal cruelty it is often broken down into two main categories: active and passive cruelty, this is also referred to as commission and omission. Passive cruelty is in which the cruelty is a lack of action rather than the action itself. Such examples are when a person does not feed the animal (starvation, dehydration and parasite infestations). Other forms are allowing a collar to grow in the skin of the animal because of over tightening and heavy restraints.Inadequate shelter is another where in by the animal isn't given shelter in extreme weather conditions. Active cruelty is where malicious intent is the driving force behind causing harm to animals. Examples of this are when the animal is hurt in any way for no reason such as, beating a dog so hard that they can't walk for barking, shooting animals for fun instead o f game or sport, and throwing a cat off a bridge to see if they can always land on their feet. These examples are active cruelty for the reason of plain enjoyment of the person conducting them.Long before animals became part of the corporate industrial process, the ethics of the animals came first with the husbandry which is the care of the animals. This was the whole interest of the farmers they believed this was a major part in the raising of the animals. Animals were raised on diverse farms that produced crops and several species of animals having access to open pasture and barnyard when weather permits. Husbandry was considered the responsibility of the producers; now that this has all changed the conditions have become considerably worse. â€Å"According to one poll conducted by Oklahoma StateUniversity and the American Farm Bureau Federation found that 75% of the public would like to see government mandates for basic animal welfare measures. † (http://www. closeanimalfa ctories. org/the-issues/animal-cruelty/) Chickens are one of the top leading animals that are miss-treated. Hens sometimes live in a cage that is now bigger than a sheet of paper, causing them to grow into the wires of the cage and slowly dying from dehydration. These kinds of farms breed the birds for only one purpose. Other farms consist of thousands of hens breed just for laying eggs and nothing more. In the United States, an estimated 95% of egg-laying hens are intensively confined in battery cages. †(United Egg Producers. (2008 Edition published 2003). Inside these cages they keep 5 to 6 birds in, but sometime they go too far and keep up to 10 birds. These cages are simply larger in size, but are made from the same material as the cages the size of a sheet of paper. The number of birds that are used like this will astound most Americans. â€Å"As of December 2008, about 300 million birds are confined in battery, almost one for every U. S. citizens. † (USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service. (2008).Pigs are another animal that is covered in the animal cruelty world very widely. The pig farms out there have many pigs that are breed just to breed or only live for a few months before they are slaughtered. Pigs have been used for testing on the side for their skin, because they have the closes skin type to humans this brings on the many test. Pig farms have become larger because of the slow push out of the smaller farms. â€Å"Since the factory systems took hold in the late 1960s, more and more pigs have been produced by increasingly larger operations where small pig farms start to disappear. † (National Hog Farmer, 15 Feb. 002) Pigs are being used like they are machines instead of animals. Certain farms believe that they are just there for one purpose. Some farmers have stated this â€Å"Forget the pig is an animal. Treat him just like a machine in a factory. Schedule treatments like you would lubrication. Breeding season like the f irst step in a assembly line. And marketing like the delivery of finished goods. † (Hog Farm Management Sept 1976). Throughout the nation there millions of pigs being used in these farms and live these kinds of live. Pigs in farms today are pumped with antibiotics because of the many different types of disease that are showing up. In the U. S. , antibiotics are added to 90% of starter feeds, 75% of grower feeds and more than half of finishing feeds for pigs† (Keep Antibiotics Working – Dec. 2003). The reason behind this because of the pigs being packed in cages that barely fit them. â€Å"Two-thirds of all pigs produced in the United States, or around fifty-three million animals a year, spend their lives in a total confinement pig farm. † (Hog Farm Management Sept 1976). Animals being treat as a product is becoming more and more profound. These animals being treated as factories or just machines is something we as a society address on the behalf of the anim als themselves.Animals have been around for millions of years and yes we as humans do depend on them for survival, but we need to understand that many animals are being harmed for this. Animals are used for something every day of our lives from being something we eat, something that we cherish, something we make money from. Animals have made a difference in our live even if we don’t know it. The cruelty to animals is becoming an epidemic across the United States from the smaller animals of bird, dog, cats, and exotic animals.The larger animals are becoming the main source of the cruelty from the chickens, up to the elephants in the circuses. Throughout the nation we have organizations that are willing to stand up for the animals and fight for them as well. The Humane society, PETA, and the animal activist out there are willing to step up to the defense of the animals themselves. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) is an organization that believes that animals h ave rights just as humans. These rights fight for the animals to not be treated in humane in any way that a human would not be treated as well.In conclusion, animal cruelty is a problem not only in our country but throughout the world. Simple reasons may have cause the cruelty and maybe they are caused by malicious intent of a person. Animal cruelty is something that can be addressed and stop throughout the world if we as people are will to step in. The steps needed to stop animal cruelty are slowly taking effect, from the interaction of law into the farms, to the government shutting down the larger production companies. Reference: The Center to Exposed & Close Animal Factories 2010 http://www. closeanimalfactories. rg/the-issues/animal-cruelty/ United Egg Producers. (2008 Edition published 2003). United Egg Producers Animal Husbandry Guidelines For U. S. Egg Laying Flocks. Retrieved November 15, 2008. Page 1, paragraph 6. USDA National Agriculture Statistics Service. (2008). Chicke ns and Eggs. Retrieved December 16, 2008. page 1. Joe Vansickle, â€Å"Quality Assurance Program Launched,† National Hog Farmer, 15 Feb. 2002 http://www. animalsuffering. com/resources/facts/factory-farming. php J. Byrnes – Raising Pigs by the Calendar at Maplewood Farm – Hog Farm Management Sept 1976

Irony a Common Theme

Although they have very different plots with vastly different different characters, a common theme is cleverly intertwined by the authors of the following stories. â€Å"The Interlopers,† by Saki narrates a duel between two neighbors, torn apart by their forefather's grudge. â€Å"Gimpel the Fool,† by Isaac Bashevis Singer, is told by a man thought of as a fool, and forgives all those who mistreat and abuse him. The play â€Å"Pygmalion,† by Bernard Shaw shows the story of a normal flower girl becoming an upper class lady, and all the woes that come with it. The Interlopers,† â€Å"Gimpel the Fool,† and â€Å"Pygmalion† all share the common theme of irony. Even in such different contexts, irony is seen in these tales. â€Å"The Interlopers† has an ironic ending that shocks the reader. Saki starts the short story with Ulrich von Gradwitz seeking his nemisis, Georg Znaeym in a vast forest he calls his own. The reason for such hate would b e many generations before dispute over land and game, which was still existed. When they both face each other, they are both prepared to kill one another, until a tree falls on them. After endless bickering under the tree, Gradwitz tells Znaeym, â€Å"Neighbor, if you will help me to bury the old quarrel I- I will ask you to be my friend,† (4) who then agrees. After this, â€Å"The Interlopers† abruptly ends with the two men ironically being eaten alive by a pack of wolves. In â€Å"Gimpel the Fool,† the main character, Gimpel, is treated as a fool all his life in a village, and doesn't let it bother him, which further convinces the townspeople of his ignorance. This is ironic since Gimpel is actually the smartest of the bunch by thinking to himself, â€Å"let it pass† (1) even though he is labeled throughout the story as a fool. Till the end, the village makes a fool out of Gimpel, through forcing him to marry an outwardly unfaithful woman to acting to his face as if they don't know that all children born from her have different fathers. Finally, after his wife's death, Gimpel leaves his sad little hometown. He then travels around the world, telling tales to many audiences, and enjoying pleasureful company. Indeed, Gimpel was not a fool. In â€Å"Pygmalion,† a phonetics professor, Mr. Higgins, takes the responsibility of training a lower class flower girl, to becoming an upper class woman, which has an ironic outcome due to the fact that her new lifestyle would seem be more comfortable, but in reality is not. Mr. Higgins is forced to teach Eliza the whole English language to her once again due to her own version containing words/sounds such as â€Å"Ah-ah-ah-ow-ow-ow-oo! † (1749) Eliza already being beautiful, it only takes washing up to look like a lady. Resulting from becoming a proper lady, ironically Eliza has to sell herself in order to find a husband, while when she was a flower girl she just had to sell flowers. Keeping up with the superficial world of appearances with everyone watching her every move proves to be too stressful, and Eliza eventually breaks. She then leaves Mr. Higgins to marry someone he considered a fool, Freddy, who was smitten with her. In all these stories,different types of irony is expressed. The Interlopers† has situational irony since the result of the truce of the two men did not result in their freedom, but contrary, their death. In â€Å"Gimpel the Fool,† there is verbal irony since Gimpel is purposely labeled as a fool by the author though the truth is the opposite. â€Å"Pygmalion† has dramatic irony since Eliza believes her life will be better as an upper class woman, though we know that will not be the case, as she herself also finds out the next day. Using irony not only adds twists to these stories, but also contributes to character development and increases suspense.

Article Critique: Masking Poor Communication Essay

â€Å"Take advantage of every opportunity to practice your communication skills so that when important occasions arise, you will have the gift, the style, the sharpness, the clarity, and the emotions to affect other people.† – Jim Rohn (Brain, 2001). Most of us do not realize that we are causing miscommunications while we are doing so. Studies show that we have believed we’ve communicated with the people we love better than we actually have. Sometimes we have an â€Å"illusion of insight†, study co-author Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, said in a university news release, which comes from growing close to friends and family. (Close, 2011). â€Å"Our problem in communicating with friends and spouses is that we have an illusion of insight. Getting close to someone appears to create the illusion of understanding more than actual understanding.† (Close , 2011). I know that I am misunderstood often; meanwhile, I rarely do the misunderstanding. I most often bump heads with my fiancà © but I most severely bump heads with my sister. My sister, Lissette, is 13 years older than I am; I have always assumed that our communication was open, clear, and effectively expressed. As it turns out I could not have been more wrong. I remember when I was 19 and I moved in with my sister; we had a great relationship, we were very happy with the living arrangements. That happiness was every so short lived. On several occasions we argued because one or the other perceived a symbol incorrectly. Lissette and I eventually had a big fight about some laundry, long story short I had to move out. We fought not because either one did something wrong but because things that were said were taken out of context by the receiver. Comments that were made by the sender, that were simply intended to inform the receiver of certain aspects, had a negative chain reaction. In hind sight, I did not say with my body, tone, or facial expressions what I was really trying to encode a different manner. In other words, I now think that I may have come on too strong a tone and character and my sister understood what she read on my body, not listening to the words. Reflecting on this article and other readings throughout the week, I came to some interesting conclusions. Studies do indicate that people often times believe that they communicate better with close friends and family than with strangers. â€Å"That closeness can lead people to overestimate how well they communicate, a phenomenon we term the ‘closeness-communication bias,'† study co-author Boaz Keysar, professor psychology professor at the University of Chicago, stated during a university news release  © 2011 HealthDay. Whether we are face to face, back to back, in another room, or on the phone with each other, misunderstanding can and will happen without either party reacting well to the misinterpretations. When something is said, it is both the senders and receivers responsibility to make sure they are clear in what they are saying and/or hearing. Without this tactic, there will be misinterpretations between the sender and receiver. As an effort to make sure that I don’t find myself in the miscommunication habit, I will have to work on my communication skills daily. I also believe that it is very easy to expect someone close to you to understand you, but it is more complex than simply understanding words. I will have to learn to appreciate that not everyone I love will always be on the same page as me. Additionally, I can express how I am feeling about the senders’ tones and their facial expressions, so that we will be on that same page. I can also gracefully place pauses and breaks into my conversations in order to allow the receiver time to give feedback. In these ways both the receiver and myself, the sender, will not assume what the other is saying or thinking. In chapter three of Interpersonal Communication it list things that we can do to improve our intrapersonal communication. One way you can increase awareness is to pay attention to what you select to focus on and how you interpret your world, i.e. is the glass half full or half empty? Another is to increase your self-awareness â€Å"To improve your communication skills, you must first increase your self-awareness to understand how you interpret your world† (Sole, K. 2011) References Close relationships sometimes mask poor communication. (2011, January). U.S. News & WorldReport, 1. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global. Document ID: 2270370591. Sole, K. (2011).Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego,CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (https://content.ashford.edu) http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/topics/topic_communication.html 2001-2003

Topics to be Investigated Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topics to be Investigated - Research Paper Example An Evaluation of the Extent to Which Social, Economic, and Environmental Factors Influence the Process of Waste Disposal Waste disposal is a process that involves myriad activities and also brings on board different stakeholders that play different roles. Social, economic, and environmental factors are the likely critical aspects that influence waste disposal and management. While the activities, stakeholders, and influential factors are known, the extent to which these factors influence the process of waste disposal is fundamental to assess, evaluate and subsequently discover. The operational relationship between the activities, stakeholders, and influential factors in the process are uncertain or unknown, making necessary to discover this relationship. Research problem: Social, economic, and environmental factors influence waste disposal processes, but the magnitude and extent of this influence need to be researched. Paradigm Shifts in the Use of Alternative Green Energy Sources in Combating Climate Change Climate change has persistently become a global issue, with the trends in global warming and climate change, in general, showing an over the years increase. This has raised the need for the alternative use of green energy sources in order to try and reverse the contemporary trends in climate change. The paradigm shift from the use of pollutant energy sources to the use of green energy sources in combating climate change is a critical aspect of discovering. This follows the fact that the substitution of alternative sources of energy is personally uncertain.

Australian government disability policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian government disability policy - Essay Example The latest research surveys conducted by global disability association illustrated that, out of the total current worlds’ population; approximately 10 percent are found to be disabled in one way or another. However, it is still contrastingly clear that, disabled persons form the minority on the society. Despite the fact that, communities have been sensitised to recognize the disabled like any other member of the society, persons with disability are still prone to subjection of acts of violence and rape. The offenders are likely to get a way scot free without legal intervention. This is the main reason as to why the federal Government of Australia has enacted the disability policy to ensure fairness and equal opportunities in all roles within the society. Integration of the disability policy Since it had been brought to the limelight that, people associated with disability are often assumed with a lot of neglect in most of the societal structure. The Australian Government, ther efore, pushed for their recognition just as any other normal citizen in the federal republic. To start with, the Government enacted equalization of persons with disability act to drive a sense of equity in the delivery of services and equitable sharing of responsibility in favour of the disabled persons so that, they can enjoy the same kind of life associated with able members of the society. According to this act, the federal government has put in place mandatory policy to all the institutions offering any form of employments both at private and state level to empower and exercise right of the disabled person (Paun 2006). This authority has been designed to be far much felt both in rural and urban areas where the disabled human resource who are otherwise recognised as to able are differently given equal opportunities to ascertain productive employment with respect to the labor market. The basic advantage of this policy is to avert any form of discrimination of persons perceived to be disabled and no obstacles should be brought in their way while pursuing employment. Besides, the Australian federal Government has ensured harmony and integration of disabled persons into open employment. It has offered support which is being driven through different kinds of measures such as offering vocational training for persons considered to have severe physical problems and disadvantaged from joining higher levels of education. With respect to vocational training, talent development and a skilled perfection is made as a way of making them to achieve equal status like the other members of the society (Paun 2006). Some amongst the advantages of this policy is that, the state provides a lot of incentives to the disabled through what is called the quota schemes. Such invectives come in terms of reserved openings and employment opportunities which are specifically meant for the disabled. Besides, they are given fair opportunities in accessing loans at affordable interest rates a nd grants with sufficient settlement duration of repayment, and this makes them feel the advantage of entrepreneurship. However, for this not to be visualized as undue advantage to the rest of the society, strategies can be put in place to disburse incentives to a group or combination of both able and disabled persons so as to avert unfairness or biasness. Moreover, the government is very much considerate and has subsidised the tax collected from such persons and has instead facilitated compliance in terms of offering contracts besides funding and other technical assistance to the institutions that has put in recognition to employ persons with disabilities. This acts as an additional support in generation of returns helping in the collective support in building of the society in all aspects of personalities (Vosko 2006). The Australian National council, a body, which supports the awareness of persons with disa

Culture and work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture and work - Essay Example Understanding the difference between culture and nation begins an understanding of how culture has evolved through the collision of beliefs and traditions that have integrated citizens of England, defining the culture as influenced by ‘otherness’, negating the very meaning of the concept of ‘otherness’. A nation is built upon a culture that develops a need to come together and form a structure of government in which beliefs and power are cantered, radiating out and using, protecting, and impacting all of those that live within its boundaries. The concept of creating a nation includes a sense of inclusion and exclusion in which those that are included are a part of something that ties them together, defined by those that are outside of those boundaries who do not have the same benefits. When a nation becomes powerful enough and economically advantageous enough to be seen as a place of opportunity, the result will be to attract people from other places, creating an influx of ‘otherness’ which begins to impact the core culture that originally developed the nation. The emergence of an integrated nation becomes a new entity. Migration becomes a source of cultural change, a system in which one culture shifts the entirety of another. The historical dialogue about the way in which history develops tends to keep cultures separated, the conversation becoming focalized on one culture independent to another. However, this is not a real representation of how the integration of cultures in one location develops. Caribbean history is not independent of English history, which is not independent of Scottish history, nor independent of Chinese history. The pieces of the historical relationships between the cultures are integrated, affecting the course of theory, philosophy, and tradition. As Gilroy (1995, p. 189) suggests, the revisionist tendencies of

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications Assignment

Approaches to studying climate disease connection; policy implications of health, climate, extreme weather - Assignment Example There also exist the climate-inspired predictive approaches of transmission of diseases deemed infectious. Each approach adds value to the expansion of the inter-field efforts that aim to highlight influence of climatic changes and intense weather patterns on distribution of infectious diseases and trends of transmission. Chapter 4 analyses the implications of policies formulated and implemented in relation to the health effects of climatic changes and extreme weather occurrences. These policies are based on the basis of human mobility and patterns of migration of infectious diseases and as expected, the policies and mitigation efforts need to adopt more process-connected approaches rather than reaction/outcome based approaches. However, challenges touch on the public health implementations that seek to address climatic change implications and long overdue spotlight on single-disease threats as opposed to ‘long-term and systematic stresses’ that yield wide ranges of health implications. The above named website was created by the Climate Change Connection which is a Non-Governmental Organization that aims at educating people about climatic changes and also facilitates climate dynamic

Self-Identity Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self-Identity Writing - Essay Example At California State University, am majoring in civil engineering. Initially, I came to the University and enrolled in a business course seeking to follow in my family’s footsteps. However, business studies proved to be a major challenge to me as it never reflected on my desires and ambitions. My entire family majored in business, and everyone expected me to follow in line. When discussing my career path with my family, I never considered mentioning engineering in a family where business studies had made everyone whom they are. Being a female in a country where men are considered to be the sole sources of authority I never wanted to get into an argument with my parents as this would have elicited social and cultural consequences. To avoid this trouble I came to the United States and enrolled as a major in business. However, my desire and passion for engineering was driven by the love for science. Additionlly, it was inspired by the boundless infrastructural structures in the United States and other parts of the world. Opting to major in engineering was a personal choice though. Initially, I was afraid to address the issue with my parents until my new friends in the United States convinced me to do so. After discussing the issue with my parents, they were more than supporting and they supportive as they encouraged me to seek my dreams and pursue what my heart desired. My educational goals go past the bachelor’s degree. Currently, the society is becoming increasingly competitive, and education is no longer an option one should miss. In Saudi Arabia, not many women have become successful in a society that favors males to women when it comes to professional success.

Social Factors On Consumer Tastes And Preferences Essay

Social Factors On Consumer Tastes And Preferences - Essay Example Those who earn a good amount of money usually consume a majority of economic and cultural capital. The division may be symmetrical with balance between the economic and cultural capital or asymmetrical with the balance tilted in favour of one of the capitals. The characteristics of each of the structure are distinctive and those structures are called habitus. The lifestyles are therefore influenced by the habitus. Taste has assumed great importance in the Habitus as it is often the distinctive factor of the matching principles in the society. In cultural consumption, there has been a distinction between the rarity of the product and the easy availability of the product. The rare products are considered as precious and the more readily available ones are called vulgar. The choice of tastes of the upper class of the society is distinctively different from the lower class of the society. Taste refers to â€Å"amor fati† or the destiny’s choice, which is forced by the condi tions of existence and makes the preference of the necessity. (Bordieu, 1984) Music has been an essential part of social life for thousands of years. Over the years, music has inserted a deep impact on the social life of the human beings. Eminent personalities in the history of music like Mozart, Beethoven etc. have played an important part in the popularity of music. Music was used as a tool in various social happenings, gatherings and even as a form of revolt. Great revolts in the annals of history were in some parts inspired by music.

Corporate ocial Reponibility Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate ocial Reponibility - Term Paper Example The caÃ'•e Ã'•tudy "Being Green" referÃ'• to a native Belgium called Gunter Pauli now living in the city of Tokyo, Japan. Mr. Pauli iÃ'• a buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•man who concentrateÃ'• on been a Ã'•ocial entrepreneur believing that aÃ'• organiÃ'•ationÃ'• operate in the twenty-firÃ'•t-century their effortÃ'• muÃ'•t be divided between not only been financially Ã'•uÃ'•tainable, but Ã'•ocially Ã'•uÃ'•tainable aÃ'• well meaning that a firm needÃ'• the capacity to adapt to changing Ã'•ocietal conditionÃ'•. Mr. Pauli'Ã'• aim iÃ'• to create manufacturing facilitieÃ'• that function to completely aboliÃ'•h waÃ'•te by reuÃ'•ing or recycling all the raw materialÃ'• they take in. Additionally, Mr. Pauli iÃ'• the former CEO of a Belgium company Ecover that produceÃ'• cleaning productÃ'• from natural Ã'•oapÃ'• and renewable raw materialÃ'•, operating at a near-zero-emiÃ'•Ã'•ion factory. Ecover developÃ'• high-technology productà '• baÃ'•ed on a maÃ'•tery of the chemiÃ'•try of renewable reÃ'•ourceÃ'• in order to eÃ'•tabliÃ'•h Ã'•uÃ'•tainable economic and Ã'•ocial development. (RobbinÃ'•, Bergman, Ð…tagg, Coulter, 2003). AÃ'• a great amount of media intereÃ'•t occurred, he left Ecover and moved to Tokyo to work for the United NationÃ'• UniverÃ'•ity and the Zero EmiÃ'•Ã'•ionÃ'• ReÃ'•earch Initiative (ZERI) trying to achieve zero-emiÃ'•Ã'•ionÃ'• technology.Ð…ocial reÃ'•ponÃ'•ibility addÃ'• an ethical imperative to do thoÃ'•e thingÃ'• that make Ã'•ociety better and not to do thoÃ'•e that could make it worÃ'•e. FirÃ'•tly, if an organization actÃ'• Ã'•ocially reÃ'•ponÃ'•ible it encourageÃ'• Ã'•hareholderÃ'• intereÃ'•t aÃ'• it will improve a buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•'Ã'• Ã'•hare price in the future.... Mr. Pauli i a buineman who concentrate on been a ocial entrepreneur believing that a organiation operate in the twenty-firt-century their effort mut be divided between not only been financially utainable, but ocially utainable a well meaning that a firm need the capacity to adapt to changing ocietal condition. Mr. Pauli' aim i to create manufacturing facilitie that function to completely abolih wate by reuing or recycling all the raw material they take in. Additionally Mr. Pauli i the former CEO of a Belgium company Ecover that produce cleaning product from natural oap and renewable raw material, operating at a near-zero-emiion factory. Ecover develop high-technology product baed on a matery of the chemitry of renewable reource in order to etablih utainable economic and ocial development. (Robbin, Bergman, tagg, Coulter, 2003). A a great amount of media interet occurred, he left Ecover and moved to Tokyo to work for the United Nation Univerity and the Zero Emiion Reearch Initiative (ZERI) trying to achieve zero-emiion technology. Body of Analyi Argument For and Againt ocial Reponibility ocial reponibility add an ethical imperative to do thoe thing that make ociety better and not to do thoe that could make it wore. Below are three (3) benefit in favor of ocial reponibility and three (3) argument againt the concept. Firtly, if an organization act ocially reponible it encourage hareholder interet a it will improve a buine' hare price in the future. Manager hould be aiming to maximie the number of hareholder thu, accepting numerou ocial obligation and the cot that go with them, in order to protect and maintain ociety' welfare by not polluting, dicriminating or puruing any deceptive advertiing along with been an advocate in improving ociety by

The Rome Convention has followed the English notion of the proper law Essay

The Rome Convention has followed the English notion of the proper law of the contract very closely. Discuss with reference to case law and academic opinion - Essay Example ace has hitherto followed along the lines of English law on contract, notably on the issue of determination of the intention of the parties concerned. When commercial contracts are executed between two parties who belong to two different countries or where the contract is executed in one place and performance takes place in another, the parties sometimes specify clearly by which country’s law they choose to be governed in the event of any dispute arising out of the provisions of the contract. Article 3 of the Rome Convention become relevant when the parties concerned have specified their choice of law2 and any disputes in such cases are governed by the law of the country specified in the agreement. However, uncertainties arise only when no specific choice of law has been made in the contract between the two parties, or when there is a dispute between the parties as to which law they will agree to adopt for the resolution of the dispute and Article 4 becomes relevant in that case. According to the provisions of article 4, In making a determination about which country’s law is most connected, the characteristic performance will be the determining factor, which will depend upon the residence or office of the party responsible for administration of the contract.4 But this feature will not necessarily apply in all cases. The place of residence of the parties will not apply when from the circumstances of the case as a whole, the contract appears more closely connected with another country.† 4 The English law of contract has traditionally been governed by the free will theory of contract or consensus as idem, which was an expression of laissez faire philosophies, governed by the belief that parties have the ultimate freedom to contract and may draw up any terms that are acceptable to both of them, wherein the courts will not interfere with a free will agreement reached by the parties5. However, despite this subjective approach, the English Courts have

History of Russian Thought Essay Example for Free

History of Russian Thought Essay Russian political and social thought remains a mystery to many historians, often insisting that Russia neatly follow western European categories of development and thought. Rejecting this odd sort of Euro-centrism is the first task of the intellectual historian, and from this point of view has Walicki made his career as the west’s premier historian of Russian political theory. Given the fact that this book is 467 pages, it is not this review’s intention to summarize the contents of this work, but rather to concern itself with method and the approach to this complex and ill-understood subject. A good place to start might be the basic class distinctions in Russian society. It is no accident that the book begins with two highly related objects: the rise of â€Å"enlightenment† thought under Catherine II (the Great) and, concomitant with this rise, the development of an elitist, aristocratic opposition to the crown. This start of some sort of Enlightenment-based criticism of monarchy derives both from western sources, that specifically of Montesquieu, as well as ancient Russian sources, that specifically of the ancient boyar duma, or elite assembly of the land. Hence, the stage is set for the remainder of the book: the constant fluctuation, often confusing, between modern, western models of political critique pleasantly seasoned with large doses of ancient political institutions. It is never made clear, and it is likely impossible to make clear, which element took center stage, the â€Å"west† or the ancient institutions. Among the Russian Slavophiles, major critics of Peter the Great and his western reforms, it is made clear. The Slavophiles, a specifically mystic, and Christian movement, almost Rousseauian in its basic social theory, based their approach on the criticism of the crown on the ancient Russian institutions of the peasant commune, the boyar Duma and the ancient piety of the Russian Church. Hence, early on, Walicki crates a typological distinction that defines the entire work: that between the more or less western-style, liberal rejection of monarchical absolutism, and a more peasant-based and communal criticism of the centralization of royal power. Neither approach rejects monarchy per se, but they criticize the development of the Petrine state, that is the centralized, expensive, militarized and bureaucratic absolutism introduced into Russia by Peter the Great as incompatible with Russian traditions. In terms of this typology, the most extreme of the first group might be the Decembrist movement, especially in the radical masonic societies of Paul Pestel. Unlike many historians, Walicki refuses to ignore the powerful part played by Masons in 18th and 19th century Russian history. The Decembrists, like nearly all opposition movements in the mid 19th century, was both Masonic and aristocratic, having few roots among the common people. Ultimately, Pestel rejected monarchy altogether, demanding an aristocratic based popular assembly elected by full and universal suffrage without property qualifications. He promised Poland its independence, and even became the first Russian Zionist, holding that Jews who refused to assimilate into the new Russia would be sent to Palestine to create a new Jewish nation with government assistance. He was joined in the revolutionary effort by the Society of United Slavs, also aristocratic and military based, who fought with Pestel over ideological concerns, chief of which was the place of old Russian institutions in the new society. The United Slavs, slightly less radical then Pestel’s organization, sought to base the new democratic order on the old Russian institutions of the duma and collective farming arrangements. Now, while the Decembrists ultimately failed, largely due to internal divisions and their lack of understanding of Russian conditions, the real significance of these movements was to give the aristocracy a public program run by semi-secret organizations, in the Decembrist case, military societies. The very fact that these groups were wealthy and aristocratic proves their limitations, and does show, as Walicki insists, that there is no distinction between class and political ideology, since political ideology was largely dictated by class status, at least in the sense that Russian nobles viewed themselves as heir to old Russia rather than to Petrine Russia. But just what they meant by â€Å"old Russia† is another story, and itself is a powerful subtext to this work. The approach to Freemasonry in Russia is worth a review in itself. Rarely dealt with in a serious way, the Masons are depicted by Walicki as the last refuge of the old aristocracy both accepting and rejecting the western Enlightenment. The failure in this otherwise excellent section is whether or not the public statements of the Masonic organizers were truly the belief of the order, or were simply exoteric utterances of the â€Å"initiated† speaking to a â€Å"backward† society. Nevertheless, Masonry (and Walicki holds that these were mostly funded by foreign sources) became a sort of pseudo-religion for the alienated old aristocrats long pushed out of power by the distant, upstart Petersburg bureaucracy. It is clear that the Masons were strictly clubs for the wealthy, sought to usher in a new â€Å"golden age† of history and looked down upon finance. These rather odd confluences of ideas simply tell us what little the Masons ere willing to speak about in public, or, even more, the fact that the aristocracy was using Masonry to challenge the organization of the Petersburg bureaucracy. Either way, masonry was a means whereby the old aristocracy could organize their forces and pool resources, but whether there was a political program that was basically agreed upon is another matter. Pestel’s group came the closest. It is rare that the western Enlightenment is imported wholesale into Russia. In fact, Pestel is an exception in that regard. At first, the famed Russian polemicist Peter Chaadaev held that western Europe should be imported to Russia, since, as he became famous for saying, â€Å"Russia has no history. Chaadaev made himself infamous in Russia by holding that there was no â€Å"Russian history† until Peter the Great made elite Russia European, slyly assuming that historical nations are European, technically advanced and based on baconian scientific models of administration. But his fascination with such things faded early on in his career, as both the revolutionary fervor of France and the dominance of the bourgeois repelled him. For Chaadaev, â€Å"Old Europe† was that of the medieval aristocracy rather than the modern, revolutionary bourgeois. Later figures like Alexander Herzen began their own careers with the same approach, only to actually live in England and France in exile, eventually returning to Russia with a loathing for European fashions and political ideologies. But all of these distinctions can be brought under our original methodological heading: the aristocratic opposition to the crown and the forms that this upper class agitation can take. The problem with this approach is that it leaves out the peasantry as a politically active part of the population. The fact that Walicki has no reference to the Old Believers and their strict, Russian Orthodox anarchism that numbered about 20 million followers by the middle of the 19th century is a major, glaring fault in the work itself. But, without saying so explicitly, this work seems to revolve around the aristocracy and the modes that their opposition to the Petrine state took over time. But the positive side to this approach is that it proves, contrary to typical courses in political theory, that radicalism in Russia was an upper class phenomenon and had few roots with the peasants, who were inclined to the Old Belief. Class status here meant that the higher one found oneself in the economic or aristocratic hierarchy, the more you were inclined to oppose the state (which itself, was based on a service bureaucracy rather than the old aristocracy) and the more one was to lean to radical theories of either economics or politics. The smattering of detail this review offers seeks to suggest that the aristocratic splits in Russian society are responsible for the development of its political ideas. Even more, if a thesis of this work can be found, this is likely it. Masonry, materialism, communitarianism, and even Marxism (though much later) all stem from the various battles among aristocratic and otherwise upper class factions. What they had in common was that they were wealthy, urban and sought to bring about a semi-utopia by force and revolution, bringing the â€Å"dark masses† to a â€Å"true knowledge† of their destiny and social importance. Hence, all of these movements opposed the monarchy in one sense or another. With very few exceptions, these movements all began rather enamored with western ideas, only to be repelled by them once actual contact with westerners became a fact. But the enlightenment was not rejected, only dressed in Russian clothing. Only the Leninists broke this mold, importing Marxism from Germany with few modifications, without the slightest concession to Russia as a cultural entity. The very fact that Leninism was so bizarre in Russian history shows how alien it was from currents of even the most radical thought in Russia and hence, how it was forced to impose itself by violence. What seems to link all Russian radical ideas together is that they were not Leninists, in the sense that they all looked to Russian tradition for the germs of radical institution-building. Hence, one can conclude by holding that Russian radicalism sought to build enlightenment ideas on old Russian institutions. A project destroyed by Lenin, largely never to be revived.

Effects of the War on Nationalism and Unionism

Effects of the War on Nationalism and Unionism The Great War proved to be a catalyst for profound change across the whole of Europe and beyond. Ireland proved to be no exception as the effects of the Great War changed nationalism and unionism in various ways. Some of those changes could have been predictable in 1914, whilst others could not have been. The constitutional future of Ireland had already caused much controversy before the Great War and that controversy did not decline just because Britain and therefore Ireland were fighting a war. Unionism was perhaps a more unified feature of Irish society and politics. In contrast, nationalism was split between the moderates that supported Ireland having Home Rule within the United Kingdom and the republicans that favoured a united Irish republic. The circumstances created by the Great War plus the actions of unionists, nationalists, republicans, and finally the British government all brought changes to nationalism and unionism. These changes will now be outlined. England and later Britain had been trying to impose its control over Ireland since the 12th century. Nationalism and unionism had been the reactions of the Irish to those attempts to make them obedient, if not loyal subjects of the British State. The nationalists were descended from the Irish who had resented, or even resisted British control. The overwhelming majority of the nationalists were Catholics and formed around two-thirds of the Irish population. The unionists on the other hand were strongly in favour of maintaining the union of Britain. Unionism was strongest in the Protestant dominated counties of Ulster amongst the descendants of the Ulster plantations. Unionism held the advantage of having aims that never changed whilst nationalism had the disadvantage of being divided between moderates and republicans, even though people with nationalist or republican sympathies formed a majority of the population (Wilson, 1989 p. 21). Nationalism had failed to achieve Home Rule in the 1880s, yet under the Liberal government that the Irish nationalist MPs backed, Home Rule seemed destined to be implemented after it passed through Parliament in 1912. The House of Lords managed to block its passing for two years, although it had just lost its power to veto legislation after the passing of the Parliament Act of 1911 (Ferriter, 2005 p. 123). However, the move towards Home Rule had provoked a militant unionist response in the form of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) countered by the moderate Irish Volunteers and the more hard-line Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB). The UVF, which was led by Sir Edward Carson used all the means possible to prevent Home Rule, and would have proved a formidable force for any Irish government in Dublin to defeat (Stewart, 2001 p. 166). The British were concerned about instability and possible civil war in Ireland during 1912 through to 1914. The first change the Great War brought was that many nationalists and unionists got behind the British war effort. Home Rule was put on ice until after the war finished. The British government could have used that extra support from both nationalism and unionism to its ultimate advantage yet proved incapable of doing so (Ferriter, 2005 p.111). Before any of the thousands of volunteers had been sent to the front line the British government’s decisions meant that the Great War would change nationalism and unionism. Instead of maintaining the good will of nationalists, the British government clearly showed its preference to those unionists who had volunteered for military service. The UVF seemed to be rewarded for its almost treasonable resistance to Home Rule by being enlisted as a whole and as a separate division. The moderate nationalists who had been in the Irish Volunteers were denied their own division. Redmond and the other moderates felt that the nationalists were being treated unfairly, despite supporting the British war effort (Madden, 2005, p.92). Nationalism more than unionism started to change once Irish troops started to get killed in the Great War. The Unionists views about remaining within the United Kingdom did not alter, regardless of how many of them were killed in the war. For nationalism, the deaths of so many of its most capable and moderate advocates changed the balance between moderate nationalism and republicanism. However, even as the death toll mounted amongst the nationalist volunteers fighting in the Great War, the majority of nationalists did not favour the foundation of a republic, just the implementation of Home Rule. There was resentment that the unionists received better treatment in the army than the nationalists did. There was also resentment that the unionist dead received more respect, even though nationalists also paid the ultimate price for fighting in the Great War. The Irish Volunteers had split over the issue of enlisting in the British Army. The vast majority of the volunteers did enlist and ca lled themselves National Volunteers whilst only a minority refused to enlist yet kept the name of Irish Volunteers. Between 150,000 to 158,000 joined the British Army, whilst 8,000 to 12,000 stayed behind to safeguard Home Rule from unionism or a change in British policy (Jackson, 1999 p. 198). However, it would not be Irish blood spilt in France or Belgium that would change nationalism and unionism during the Great War. In the end it would prove to be Irish blood spilt in Dublin that caused the most dramatic changes. Members of the IRB believed the Great War offered the opportunity to launch a major rebellion against the British whilst the British Army was fighting and therefore unable to concentrate its firepower against any rebellion. Republicans claimed such a strategy was taking advantage of circumstances that might only be available for a short period, if Britain were on the winning side in the Great War such opportunities would be lost. The IRB were joined by Sinn Fein and the Irish socialist movement of James Connelly (Moody Martin, 2001, p.256). The plans of a national uprising by the IRB were scuppered by the Royal Navy, which captured the German ship bringing weapons to the rebels. Instead of cancelling the rebellion altogether the IRB uprising still went ahead in Dublin. Slim chances of victory had been turned into no chance of survival let alone victory. The majority of people in Dublin originally saw the uprising as foolish and unjustified (Ferriter, 2005 p. 130). The Easter Rising of 1916 was an unmitigated disaster from a military and strategic perspective that resulted in around 450 deaths. (Madden, 2005, p.95). From the aspect of turning a majority of nationalists towards supporting a united Irish republic it was success, yet it was not the rebels that died in the fighting that aroused the upsurge in republican sentiment. This upsurge was due to the British government allowing the British Army to execute a handful of rebels after the rising. The executions were a serious blunder as it made the rebels martyrs for the Irish Republican cause and greatly undermined the British control of Ireland, except for Ulster. The British Army had intended to execute over 90 rebels, yet the death of the 15 rebels it did execute proved disastrous (Madden, 2005 p. 96). The Unionists regarded the Easter Rising as an act of treason; a sign that nationalism in general and republicanism in particular could not be trusted (Wilson, 1989 p. 45). Perhaps the greatest change to unionism as a result of the Easter Rising was the determination to remain within the United Kingdom, even if that meant partitioning Ireland in to two distinct nationalist and unionist parts. The Great War used up men, money, and resources in great quantities. The British government compounded its loss of support within the nationalist community by contemplating to extend conscription to Ireland. The Somme offensive in 1916 forced the introduction of conscription to the rest of the United Kingdom following the catastrophic losses caused. (Stewart, 2001, p.167). In all the British Army lost 794, 000 troops killed, wounded and missing in action during the Somme offensive, Irish nationalists and unionists were killed in their thousands (Castleden, 2005 p. 460). The republicans made further in roads into persuading nationalists that a republican solution was the best way to get the British out of Ireland. The British government did not introduce conscription into Ireland; the republicans in general and the Irish Republican Army / Sinn Fein (IRA) had gained further propaganda successes specifically. David Lloyd George met with both Carson and Redmond, promising Carson a permanent partition, whilst assuring Redwood it would be only a short-term partition (Madden, 2005, p.99). The Great War offered chances for nationalism and unionism to change, the war itself did not change everything. It was the republicans that prospered most from these changes due to Eamon de Valera and Michael Collins taking advantage of the circumstances the Great War had brought, especially after the Easter Rising (Wilson, 1989 p. 47). The Great War revealed the flaws in the political thought and strategy of the moderate Irish nationalists. The Irish Parliamentary Party had seen its greatest achievement of Home Rule suspended by the start of the war. Redmond believed that nationalism could achieve a compromise with British imperialism, a belief shattered by the Great War. Redmond also underestimated the potential of republicanism and misunderstood the aspirations of unionism. It was unionism and republicanism that changed Ireland profoundly after the end of the Great War (Ferriter, 2005 p. 130). Therefore, the Great War did change nationalism and unionism in various ways. Its first change was to suspend the Ulster crisis of 1912-14 and prevent the possibility of civil war in Ireland at that time. The outbreak of war was initially greeted with enthusiasm within nationalism and unionism. The British government gained a great deal of support from both communities, although it would eventually squander support from the nationalists. Only the republican fringe within nationalism did not support Britain’s war effort, regarding the Great War as an opportunity to end British rule in Ireland. Moderate nationalism was greatly changed by the Great War. The finest supporters of moderate were gunned down on the Western Front, whilst unionism increased its influence with the British government, with Carson serving in the war cabinet, whilst Redmond refused to do so. Unionism was proud of the sacrifices it made for King and country whilst moderate nationalism was weakened by being s een as sacrificing so many lives for an occupying power that did not seem to appreciate those sacrifices. The Easter Rising and its brutal suppression and the unwise execution of 15 rebels was the main catalyst for change with the British government foolishly making martyrs for the Irish republicans. Moderate nationalism was the main casualty of the Great War in Ireland. Republicanism was greatly strengthened after the Easter Rising, whilst unionism was grimly determined to hold onto Ulster. The Great War only delayed civil war in Ireland; the end of moderate nationalism and the misjudgements of the British government would allow extremism to take hold. This cause of events almost inevitably led to the partition of Ireland. Nationalism, unionism, republicanism, or the British government could no longer expect to control the whole of Ireland. The Great War changed things in favour of the republican and unionist extremists, the IRA and Sinn Fein proving especially astute at taking adv antage of those circumstances. Bibliography Castleden, (2005) Events that changed the world, Time Warner Books, London Ferriter D, (2005) The Transformation of Ireland 1900-2000, Profile Books, London Jackson A, (1999) Ireland 1798 – 1998: Politics and War, Oxford Madden F J M (2005) teach yourself – the history of Ireland, Hodder Education, London Moody T W Martin F X (2001) The Course of Irish History, Mercier Press, Cork and Dublin Stewart A T Q, (2001) The Shape of Irish History, The Blackstaff Press, Belfast Wilson T, (1989) Ulster Conflict Consent, Basil Blackwell Ltd, Oxford

Does Africa Need Foreign Aid for Poverty Alleviation?

Does Africa Need Foreign Aid for Poverty Alleviation? By Carolyne Simiyu Foreign aid, is the transfer and loaning of funds, international goods or services from one country to another. It is often transferred from one developed economy to another developing country.[1] The main aims of aid, particularly in poor nations, are to alleviate poverty, give support to the needy such as internally displaced persons and refugees, reconstruct infrastructure, and revamp economy. However, the efficacy of aids for poverty alleviation in Africa has lost its objective. Since the 1950s, the idea that huge sums of donations can remedy poverty has dominated economic development discourses. More than half of the sub-Saharan Africa are poorer now than in the 1960s.[2] I do not deny the fact that many factors have contributed to poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa which include natural disasters such as famine, draught, and wars. But what about the huge overflow of foreign aid they have been channeling to this developing countries? What did they use it for? According to statistics, while progress has been made in other developing regions of the world, especially East Asia in the last six decades, the percentage of those living in extreme poverty increased in sub-Saharan Africa.[3] Such statistics can be both appalling and at the same time overwhelming. There are several reasons to why foreign aid is ineffective for poverty alleviation in Africa. The first reason is that poverty in African countries is not a vicious circle waiting to be broken by foreign assistance. Instead, poverty is created by economic institutions that systematically block the incentives and opportunities of poor people to make their lives better by themselves and their country.ÂÂ   Let us for instance the system of apartheid in South Africa which Nelson Mandela campaigned against. In this situation, apartheid was a set of economic institutions which was intended to work against the black South Africans. It contained rules that governed and dictated to people what they should do and what they should not do, including the incentives and opportunities they are entitled to.[4] In 1913, the South African government declared that 93 per cent of South Africa was for the white economy, while 7 per cent was for blacks (who constituted about 70 per cent of the popul ation). Blacks had to have a pass a national passport to travel to the cities for job opportunities in the white-controlled mines and industries. They could not own property, nor start a business there. Such economic institutions, which we call extractive sapped the God-given potentials and opportunities of the vast population of black South Africans and largely kept them in poverty. While the country was rich during this period, the wealth was in few hands and the majority were poor. As such, foreign aid would not remove such institutional violence that deprived the majority access to the national resources. It should be noted that people in poor countries have the same ambitions as those in rich countries. Just like those from developed nations, people from poor nations also need freedom of accessibility to economic resources, to have the same opportunities and chances to good health care, clean portable water in their homes and quality education for their children. The reason to why the poor remain poorer is because their basic ability including their talents have been denied the opportunity to grow by their various institutions in those countries. In Sub-Sahara African states, it is important to note that once you are wealthy, you are privileged because you are entitled to power while the poor on the other hand, are less privileged and at the mercy of those in power. By way of conclusion, the evidence from above examples and analysis have shown that poor people are trapped within extractive economic institutions and until these institutions undergo a radical reform, foreign aid and any development it seeks to achieve will only be a mirage, not only in Sub-Sahara Africa, but across all developing countries of the world. 1. Shah, Anup. Foreign Aid for Development Assistance. Global Issues: Sunday, September 28, 2014, http://www.globalissues.org/article/35/foreign-aid-development-assistance [2].ÂÂ   Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson. Why foreign aid fails and how to really help Africa. The Spectator. January 27, 2014. Accessed February 04, 2017. http://www.spectator.co.uk/2014/01/why-aid-fails/. [3]. Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. 2015. Growth, Inequality and Poverty In Sub-Saharan Africa: Recent Progress In A Global Context. Oxford Development Studies 43, (1) (Jan 02): 44-59, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgibin/ezpauthn.cgi?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1680154815?accountid=15115 (accessed February 4, 2017). [4]. Ronci, Donatella. 1973. Apartheid In South Africa: Exploitation and Superprofits. La Critica Sociologica 25, (0): 117-128, https://www.lib.uwo.ca/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/60911505?accountid=15115 (accessed February 4, 2017). Acromegaly Case Study: Healthcare Needs Acromegaly Case Study: Healthcare Needs Changing Care needs through the life stages You are required to write an assignment based on a person who is in the late stages of adulthood. The person can be a family member, friend or client. The assignment requires you to write about in general the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development in later adulthood first and then compare it to the actual individual’s current well being and lifestyle using the PIES tool. You must explore your own personal prejudices, fears and anxieties about working with people in your care. What has influenced it? What has changed it? Included in the assignment should be any variations whether positive or negative that are affecting the individual as well as recommendations on how you can positively and confidently respond to the needs of the person during this stage of life. Specific conditions: You must seek permission from the adult before writing essay. You must change the identity of the person as well as respecting confidentiality of the person. The essay must cover the following headings P.I.E.S of development during late adulthood(10 Marks) P.I.E.S of development of individual as well as your own personal prejudices, fears and anxieties.(5 Marks) Variations/factors affecting individual at this stage of life(5 Marks) Recommendations to respond confidently to the needs of the person(10 Marks) Introduction For my assignment I have chosen a family member in the late stages of adulthood with a condition called acromegaly. For this assignment I will use the internet, books and information directly from my family member and her immediate family in order to complete this assignment. All names will be changed in order to protect the person’s privacy and confidentiality. Permission has been sought from my family member to do this assignment on her condition and her stage of development. Main Body Clients Name – Lucy Age – 67 Condition – Acromegaly ‘Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone’ (Mayoclinic.org, 2015) P.I.E.S of development during late adulthood Physical needs – During late adulthood our physical appearance is diminishing slowly this is due to cellular senescence (cells in our bodies start to decline) (Mark Stibich, 2015). Wrinkles start to appear as skin is losing elasticity. Our bones start to lose calcium and can become brittle (osteoporosis) and harder to heal. Certain illnesses are more likely to appear as one ages such as arthritis, heart disease, diabetes and respiratory problems. A good diet and regular exercise and most importantly a positive attitude in late adulthood can help greatly in prolonging these physical changes. However, even with a good lifestyle and a positive attitude, unforeseen circumstances may happen which triggers further degradation of a person’s health at this stage of development. Retirement and all it has to bring is in full swing. (Maslow, Hierarchy of Needs) According to Erik Erikson from the age of 65 we start to feel that our lives have become less productive. This indeed can be very true if we do n ot have a good retirement plan. With the more and more emphasis that is been put into place for retirement plans and groups that are been set up for the retired person this is helping greatly with these issues. Intellectual needs – As we age our cognitive ability declines. In late adulthood this can become apparent as our intellectual abilities start to decrease, some difficulties with memory and information processing (Paget). This is why it is crucial that adults in this stage keep their brain stimulated and active with certain activities. Even by keeping up reading newspapers, crosswords, bingo, and quiz’s.(Activity Theory) A lot of retirement groups that are being set up and there are courses that adults in this stage of development can do which will keep their minds busy and their brain stimulated which can have a domino effect on their mental health. Unfortunately illnesses may occur that have a negative effect to our cognitive ability such as dementia (Alzheimer’s, Lewy body, front temporal and vascular), Stroke or acquired brain injuries. Emotional needs – Erik Erikson stages of development describes late adulthood stage 65 + as a stage of Ego Integrity vs Despair. He believed that at this stage we look back on our lives so far and if we do not feel we accomplished everything we needed to at this stage of development we can develop a sense of despair which in turn will lead to feelings of depression. With this in mind this can be a very emotional time for some. At this stage of life it is imperative that we have family and friends that we can talk to and share our fears and feelings with. At this stage of development a person that has a life threatening illness may go through several emotions which is described by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross in her grief cycle. (Changingminds.org,2015) Social needs – At this stage of development it is crucial to have interaction with family and friends. As without these interactions a person in late adulthood can feel very isolated. A lot of people before this stage of development, are used to a busy social life, whether it is working or raising their families (Jung’s Theory on Ageing). It is very important that they are invited to family gatherings, social events and are visited regularly. This will help greatly with their physical, intellectual, and emotional needs which can have positive effects on the person’s health if they are kept socially active. It is also important that a person is encouraged to get involved with the various retirement clubs that are set up in their area.(Active retirement Ireland). P.I.E.S of development of individual as well as your own personal prejudices, fears and anxieties Physical needs – As Lucy is 67 and is in the late stages of adulthood her physical appearance is starting to diminish. Along with these changes unfortunately Lucy has to contend with other physical changes due to her condition acromegaly. A once average size woman Lucy has significantly shown signs of change physically. Her feet have gone from a size 6 to a size 9 shoe, her hands have grown bigger in size also and her weight has risen. She has had to deal with retirement and her condition all at once. A mother of 4 whom held down a full time job as a care assistant in a local nursing home in her area and kept her housework to perfection as she says her self she is a cleaning addict. At the age of 64 she discovered she had the condition acromegaly and in the last 3 years she has undergone surgery and radiotherapy to try and reduce the benign tumour on her pituitary gland. Unfortunately this was unsuccessful and Lucy has now to inject herself daily with Somavert 10mg, a medication to reduce the secreti ons of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. Lucy lives with her daughter, her daughter’s husband and their 2 children. I feel this is helping greatly with her physical needs as she still helps out with housework when she is well and she brings her grandchildren for walks to the park and playground. Intellectual needs Intellectually Lucy keeps her mind active by reading novels, and attending bingo when she is well enough. As part of her condition acromegaly she is part of a team in Beaumont Hospital whom are researching this condition that is affecting 400 people in Ireland. I feel this is helping her greatly intellectually as she is learning more and more about the condition and it is keeping her mind and brain active while doing so. Emotional needs Lucy’s emotions at this stage of her development and with the condition acromegaly can be all over the place. But with her family network around her and her close friends that she can talk to about her fears and anxieties this is a great help to her emotionally. I feel from talking to Lucy that she is very well informed by the research team at Beaumont and this is helping her greatly in dealing with her condition. From talking to her about her life so far I have gathered that she feels she has accomplished everything she needed to so far for this stage of development and I feel she can develop through this stage with a virtue of wisdom (Erik Erikson) Social needs – At this stage of development Lucy’s social needs are still of high importance. She still attends bingo with a close friend, family gatherings and family outings. Sometimes she feels that people she hasn’t seen in a while think she has put on weight by over eating but in fact it is because of her condition. She is a very outgoing person so this doesn’t bother her much as she just explains to them her condition. During her outings to Beaumont for research days she has got close to other people whom are at the same stage of development as her and also going through the same condition. My own personal fears, prejudices and anxieties at this stage of development Upon starting my work experience in a nursing home I had a fear that people in the late stage of adulthood development that were in a nursing home were left sitting in an arm chair all day with no interaction from other residents or staff. I realised the first day that this was not the case and that my nursing home had a activities coordinator that did SONAS activities with all residents. As part of the new HIQA standards person centred care approach this was a crucial part of standard working procedure. Variations/factors affecting individual at this stage of life At this stage of development Lucy is quite lucky as her daughter and son in law and grandchildren live with her and her sons live within a mile radius of her house. I feel this is a positive factor at this stage of life and with her condition as she has the comfort of a close knit family always there to help her at this stage and she has the added bonus of helping them too. With her condition acromegaly and the stage of development she is at I would worry that her medication daily (somavert) and indeed the condition itself would have adverse effects on her health (cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis) during this stage of her life. Lucy has informed me that the team at Beaumont are keeping a very close eye on her through many different tests including liver tests, blood tests and scans in order to keep a close eye on any adverse reactions to her medication and condition. Recommendations to respond confidently to the needs of the person In order for me as a HCA to respond confidently to Lucy’s needs I would need to have the correct information about her condition in order to help talk her through her treatments as I feel it is imperative to be able to confidently answer any questions she may have. I can research local support groups for Acromegaly sufferers and encourage her to join them and bring her family to help them further understand what changes are going on in her body. Using my interpersonal skills I can be a good listener and shoulder to cry on when she is feeling depressed and can take her on shopping trips to specialised shops that cater for women of larger stature. Lucy loves to write letters to family in Galway and England but finds it difficult, when her hands are paining her, therefore I can write dictations from her to keep her hobby. Even though she is not at risk of dementia from her illness, I feel it would be good to help her feel a sense of integrity about her life if we make a life book with her as she can visually see all that she has accomplished. (Erik Eriksson) Conclusion Upon researching for this assignment I have learned that the late stages of adulthood development can be an emotional rollercoaster for any individual. It is my duty going forward as a HCA to be able to understand the basic needs of a person going through this stage. In doing so I need to put myself in their shoes in my thinking and how I would like to be treated at this stage of development. References Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: http://google.ie/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instantion=1espv=2ie=UTF-8 [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Anon, (2015). [Blog] Available at: http://nandahealth.blogspot.ie/2013/09/theories-of-aging-process-biology.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Changingminds.org, (2015). The Kubler-Ross Grief Cycle. [online] Available at: http://changingminds.org/disciplines/change_management/kubler_ross/kubler_ross.htm [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Cliffsnotes.com, (2015). Theories of Aging. [online] Available at: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/psychology/development-psychology/psychosocial-development-age-65/theories-of-aging [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Headstrongbrain.com, (2015). What is Cognitive Decline?. [online] Available at: http://www.headstrongbrain.com/FAQ/~Q3-48/What_is_Cognitive_Decline [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Independent.ie, (2011). Pituitary gland: The tiny gland that can cause very big problems Independent.ie. [online] Available at: http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/health/pituitary-gland-the-tiny-gland-that-can-cause-very-big-problems-26776040.html [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Mark Stibich, P. (2015). Senescence, Healthy Aging and Longevity. [online] About.com Health. Available at: http://longevity.about.com/od/whyweage/a/senescence.htm [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Mayoclinic.org, (2015). Acromegaly Complications Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/basics/complications/con-20019216 [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. Mayoclinic.org, (2015). Acromegaly Definition Diseases and Conditions Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acromegaly/basics/definition/con-20019216 [Accessed 30 Mar. 2015]. McLeod, S. (2007). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. [online] Simply Psychology. Available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html [Accessed 30 Mar. 2015]. McLeod, S. (2015). Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Stages | Simply Psychology. [online] Simplypsychology.org. Available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html [Accessed 30 Mar. 2015]. Medicines.ie, (2015). Somavert 10mg, 15mg and 20mg Powder and Solvent for Solution for Injection Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). [online] Available at: http://www.medicines.ie/medicine/9530/SPC/Somavert+10mg,+15mg+and+20mg+Powder+and+Solvent+for+Solution+for+Injection/ [Accessed 30 Mar. 2015]. Rightdiagnosis.com, (2015). Aging Theories RightDiagnosis.com. [online] Available at: http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/genetics/aging.htm [Accessed 3 Apr. 2015]. OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION Healthcare Support1Edel Brew

Dinosaur Essay -- essays papers

Dinosaur Dinosaurs: Extinct or Natural Causes As geologic time goes, all the dinosaurs living on earth suddenly disappeared. How did these dominated and gigantic creatures really die? Was it a slow extinction through natural causes, or did it happen suddenly? These questions give rise to many different beliefs on how the dinosaurs disappeared over sixty-five million years ago. Something happened sixty-five million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period that was so devastating that it altered the course of life on earth. Extinction is easily defined: the birth rate fails to keep up with the death rate. However, the definition does not answer the question about the nature or causes of extinction. Since so many different causes of death of the dinosaur arose, paleontologists generally divide extinction into two main types. The first is called background extinction, or the isolated extinction of a species due to a variety of cause. Included in these background extinctions is out competition (the fight of the food), depletion of resources in a habitat, changes in climate, development or destruction of a mountain range, river channel migration, eruption of a volcano, the drying of a lake, or the destruction of a forest, grassland, or wetland habitat. The second type of extinction is called mass extinction. There are four main components: Large numbers species go extinct; many types of species go extinct; the effects are global; and the effects occur in a geologically short period of time (Encarta). The dinosaur could not have lived forever. No creature, plant, and bacteria are forever, not even Homo Sapiens. Extinction is the ultimate fate of all species. One theory on how the dinosaurs became extinc... ... environmental crisis may have spelled disaster for the dinosaurs. It had to be so sweeping that it affected countless other forms, including the dinosaurs. It is how these successful creatures were eliminated from the planet is a fascinating mystery. however, scientist cannot determine how dinosaurs really became extinct. Perhaps something fell the sky and struck the planet causing a huge dust cloud, utterly shutting out the sun and forcing the dinosaurs into extinction. But why did the little mammals survive, or the crocodiles and birds? Current evidence suggests that the sun or a â€Å"greenhouse effect† terminated the dinosaurs sixty-five million years ago (Colbert). Bibliography: Colbert, Edwin Harris, 1905- Dinosaurs; Their Discovery and Their World. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co.,INC., 1961, 1st ed. Encarta Encyclopedia Article, "Dinosaur", 2001

Where Will They Burry Your Heart :: essays research papers

Where Will They Bury Your Heart? I have always found profound inspiration in the stories of men and women who lived and died for Christ. In fact, their incredible level of commitment is a measuring stick for my life; their undying courage is a source of my encouragement; and their burning passion is the light to my personal mission. Where would I be without the stories of these seemingly ordinary people who behaved extraordinarily against impossible odds? My faith is lifted each time I recall these true heroes. For me, one of the most moving is the powerful story of David Livingstone and the sacrifices he made to open the great continent of Africa to Christianity. When I first heard this story, I was already very familiar with the hardships that missionaries regularly endure. But the day I heard Livingstone’s story, I was finally able to embrace the extreme price one man paid. Travel with me to the year 1857. David Livingstone had already lived in the land of, â€Å"the thousand villages where no missionary has ever been† for sixteen years. He is now back in England, ready to address Cambridge university students. The custom of the time is for the students to heckle the speaker—all in fun. This day is no exception. The students have peashooters and noisemakers of every description. They’re ready for whoever this man might be. Then David Livingstone slowly walks to the podium with the step of a man who has walked 11,000 miles. His left arm hangs dead at his side, having been nearly ripped from his body by a lion, his shoulder crushed into splinters. His skin is a dark, leathery brown from sixteen years in the African sun. His face is furrowed with innumerable lines from bouts with African fever, which have also racked and emaciated his body. His physical being is wasted. He is half deaf from rheumatic fever and half blind from a tree branch that whipped him in the eyes while traveling through the jungle. The students are staring. They know this is not just another guest speaker. Before them is a man to be taken seriously. This is a life that was literally being burned out for God. As he begins to speak they learn that Livingstone’s journey began as a young man in Scotland. It was there that he prayed, â€Å"Lord, send me anywhere, only go with me. Lay any burden on me, only sustain me.

Catherine A. Lutz - Unnatural Emotions Essays -- essays research paper

†Yes, it’s only Reservation Blues but I like it:† On the Connection between Christian and Native Religions One of the most interesting aspects of the anthropological study of Catherine A. Lutz, entitled Unnatural Emotions, is that the author applies the same sort of intense self-examination to her own project as an anthropologist amongst the Ifaluk as she does to the Ifaluk themselves. Every individual at some point in his or her own life has been confronted with the surprise, after all, that someone seems ‘exactly like me.’ Or, conversely, one is shocked how another human animal, possessing roughly the same physical attributes of one’s genus and species as one’s self, could behave in such a horrible/wonderful fashion, totally ‘unlike me.’ Catherine Lutz suggests that these latter moments come, not so often when an individual is the presence of someone he or she regards as wholly alien, but when an individual is in the presence of someone he or she has come to regard as familiar, who suddenly surprises him or her. Lutz did not experience her own internal surprises, more often than not, when she was beginning to be acclimated to Ifaluk culture—everything seemed strange to her anthropological eyes, over the course of her initial encounters. However, after she began to think that these people were more like her than she initially though, in other words, when she began to think that she could predict their responses to a certain extent, based upon her preexisting cultural assumptions and modalities, then she when she was taken by surprise at their differences. A reader of Sherman Alexie’s novel Reservation Blues enters the text with similar assumptions of Native American life, unless of course, he or she is of that particular community. If he or she is not, however, there is the likelihood that the ‘typical’ reader has images of Native Americans based upon long-held social stereotypes of the Lone Ranger’s Tonto and Kevin Costner’s â€Å"Dances With Wolves,† possibly chastened with some positive, homey images of the First Thanksgiving as well. However, Alexie’s prose forces one to apprehend Native American life anew, and to see Native Americans as fully-fledged individual characters, with wants and needs and desires, not as those who are simply stoic and ‘other.’ In short, Alexie forces the reader to see Native Americans as rock-and-roll wannabees. What could be ea... ...ith how actual Native Americans experience their (often quite collectively, tribally based) religion at all. At virtually every supermarket across the nation, one can buy ‘Native’ dream catchers, or false, commercialized views of Native spirituality that attempt to offer a respite from supposedly sterile Christianity. The connections of rock and roll to this view in popular culture is exemplified in â€Å"The Doors† where rock music legend Jim Morrison takes a hit of acid under the supervision of a wise man—the acid and the Indian culture ‘free his mind.’ But the spiritual collectivity that Natives associate with their religion does not free them, nor is the Christianity experienced on Native American reservations synonymous with ‘our’ versions of it, outside of the reservation. In unpacking these assumptions, the reader is forced to emerge from the text not simply with a better understanding of Checkers, but with a better understanding of the flexibility of faith and its adaptability to personal as well as community needs in various contexts. Works Cited Alexie, Sherman. Reservation Blues. Warner Books, 1996. Lutz, Catherine A. Unnatural Emotions. University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Recent Salary top ups Controversies in Ireland Essay

Of late, the issue concerning salary has been very controversial in Ireland. Early this year, some controversies relating to salary top-ups at charities have erupted in Ireland leading to a total damage threatening the sector. As a result of these controversies, few issues which are hazardous to the sector have emerged. Researchers and stakeholders have been worried by issues such as duration and the extent to which these issues will last and their relative impacts to various charities. There are some charities in the country specifically identified as donations or other funding sources that are used in improving executives’ salaries. As a result of these issues, majority of innocent bystanders are likely to experience a negative impact based on guilt by association. The question that majority are asking themselves is, what the future holds and how they can improve it. The research paper is mainly structured into two main categories that are used in describing the structure of the project. The first part involves the research part of the project. While the second part captures the application involving techniques and the methods used when carrying out the research. However, the first part enhances the researcher’s understanding on the recent controversies relating to salary top-ups at charities in Ireland and the emerging issues. It comprises of research definition, strategy, design and methodology used to provide a clear understanding of the report. The second part covers the broader part of the report taking the application approach. This part includes the sampling methods applied, instruments used in the research, the proposed data analysis techniques, the budget and timeline for the research estimates. Since the start of the year 2014 and slightly there before, the issue relating to top-ups salary controversy has rampantly emerged in Ireland. The issue concerning the recent controversies made majority of Irish people to become less likely to donate to charity. This is according to the latest report of Ipsos, Irish times and MRBI opinion poll. The poll also discovered that voting age population brought a total opposition. They are opposing the practice of using donations in paying top-ups of the executives’ salaries in the charity sector (Scarrow 2009: pp.193-210). The Irish government discovered that this move will negatively affect the sector and cause a negative experience to the innocent bystanders. Majority of citizens are unwilling to support the sector and thus threatening to cancel their donations. The call for yhe research project was to address the issue and discover its future prosperity and strategize on how to improve it. 1. Research definition                     Research comprises of an undertaken creative work on a systematic basis with an aim of increasing the stock of knowledge (Valbuena 2009: p.27). It includes the knowledge of a given scenario, society and culture, and the use of such knowledge to devise new applications. It is used to confirm or establish facts, reaffirm the previous work results, solve existing or new problems and support theorems. A research project can take the form of an expansion on past field work. Research takes different forms such as scientific research, research in the humanities, and artistic research. Scientific research involves application of scientific methods to harness curiosity. It gives scientific theories and information that explains properties and the nature of a given scenario. Research concerned with humanities involves methods such as semiotics and hermeneutics. It a form of research that explores details and issues surrounding a scenario, but not searching for an ultimate correct answer to a question. Artistic research also referred to as ‘practice-based research’ takes form when creative work is put into consideration both the research object and the research itself. The recent controversies in Ireland concerning salary top-ups are humanitarian issues. Research in the humanities is the best form of research used as it entails details and issues surrounding a scenario, but not giving a specific answer to a question. Other methods were excluded on the basis that they are not based on exploring a scenario. Through the research carried out, it was discovered that 96% of the respondents opposed the use of donations to top-up the salaries of the executives. The remaining had different stands as 2% felt it was acceptable while the other 2% had no opinion. The research spanned all regions, classes and party affiliations. On the issue concerning charity, 69% withdrew their likelihood of donating, 23% argued that it will make no difference, 4% found the question irrelevant as they do not contribute and 4% had no opinion. There was a similar response from people in all regions, classes, and supporters of groupings and political parties. The research was con ducted for two days using a representative sample of 1,000 voters from all constituencies. 1.1 Drop in donations                     The research confirmed that Ireland fundraising professionals were claiming that there was a drop of 40% in the charity donations. This was as a result of top-up payments controversy (Harvey 2012: pp.2008-2012). The umbrella professional fundraisers group claimed that they were constantly receiving phone calls from people who wanted to cancel their donations. Anne Hanniffy the HSE Chief Executive Officer, argued that salaries top-ups using donations was having a devastating effect on the sector. She claimed that revelations were a â€Å"million miles† from experiences and activities of most organizations, but it revealed that all charities were tarred using the same brush. This scenario brings the most serious period that the Irish non-profit sector is facing. Organizations are extremely concerned that people who are least able to survive without their support like disabled people, sick children and needy families will be most affected by the existing crisis. Despite the organizational opinions concerning the existing crisis of salary top-ups, Health Service Executives (HSE) and other organizations called upon the government to address the issue (Moran 2012: pp.137-147). Mr. Bell also warned the government that if this issue of pay top-ups was not addressed on equitable basis, it would bring a lot of challenges when trying to address different reforms. Different arguments has risen in Ireland concerning the controversial issue of salary top-ups using donations. The head of Ireland fundraising claimed that HSE used just a small portion of charities to meet its executives salary. She argued that top-up payments were not an issue as they totally relied on fundraising. She also claimed that it was difficult to reveal whether the recent surrounding controversy will have an effect to the sector. Central Remedial Clinic (CRC) confirmed that they have been recently using public donations to top-up their executives’ salaries. They are given financial support by a separate company known as supporters and friends of Central Remedial Clinic. 2. Research strategy                     A research strategy refers to a plan of action that gives direction to a person’s effort, thus enabling one to conduct a systematic research (Denzin 2010: pp.1-28). It involves discovering new ideas, thinking actively concerning the ideas and working with them. On a research strategy, a researcher may use the existing information and draw up his or her own conclusions, integrate and synthesize original ideas concerning the current scenario. Research strategies are of different forms such as non experimental that has no explicit manipulation, and experimental which manipulates some factors of a given issue. The Irish scenario applies experimental strategy as there are some factors surrounding the situation. They need to be manipulated and come with solutions to the existing issues. Non experimental is excluded on the basis that it does not allow factor manipulation. In a labor party national conference held at Killarney, social protection minis ter’s daughter Ms Burton revealed that donated funds used by CRC to top-up salaries was â€Å"extremely disturbing† (Edwards 2009: pp.595-615). During the meeting, Ms Burton demanded some issues to be made clear. Some of the issues to be manipulated include organizations to come out and clarify the disclosed issues, CRC to provide its fundraising details and their addition sources of income, lastly CRC was expected to give an account of how they have spent that money. She also emphasized that the public needed an assurance that their money generously donated to charities were used for the correct purpose. The internal audit carried out last year concerning HSE revealed that almost â‚ ¬250, 000 was spent annually (Crilly 2013: p.8). The money was used to cater for allowances of six senior executives, in addition to their state-funded salaries. These allowances utilized by the CRC were termed as unauthorized and that they have breached the pay policy of the public sector. The clinic has also been accused of misusing the funds donated to vulnerable adults and children. The company had â‚ ¬ 14 million in total funds at the end of year 2011 when it stopped giving services to the less privileged in the society. Instead of directing the money to the children and adult care, the clinic invested the money on capital projects. On the issue regarding salaries of the senior organizational members, the clinic revealed that since 2009, they agreed with HSE to increase the salaries of 9 individuals at the management level. 3. Research methodology and design                     Methodology refers to a systematic, theoretical analysis of the applied methods to a field of study (Eiben 2012: pp.582-587). It, typically and encompasses concepts like theoretical model, paradigm, phases and qualitative or quantitative techniques. It is not set to provide solutions but to provide a theoretical underpinning for elaborating the best method can be used. On the other hand, research design is the overall strategy chosen to integrate different study components in a logical and a coherent way (Parahoo 2010: p.142). It ensures effective ways of addressing the research problem. It is the blueprint for the measurement, collection and data analysis. Research design is broadly categorized into descriptive research, exploratory research, Qualitative research and non-experimental research. 3.1 Exploratory research                     Polit et al (2011: p.19) argued that explorative research is carried out when investigating a new area or when a little information is known about the area of interest. It is used to investigate nature of a phenomenon and other related factors. 3.2 Descriptive research                     According to Grove and Burns (2009: p.201), it is a form of research designed to reveal a picture of a given scenario as it happens naturally. It can be used to justify recent practices, make judgments and develop theories. 3.3 Qualitative research                     According to Grove and Burns (2009: p.19), it is a systematic subjective approach applied to describe situations and life experiences. It is also a form of social enquiry focusing on how people make and interpret sense of their experience and their living world. 3.4 Non-experimental research                     It is used in studies with an aim of describing a situation where it is unethical for independent variables to be manipulated (Polit 2009: p.178). It is a suitable research of studying people in nursing sector. The research project concerning the recent scenario in Ireland applied exploratory research. It is used by researchers when they want to produce hypotheses of what is happening in a situation. The recent controversies concerning salary top-up in Ireland needs to be explored. This will minimize the existing misappropriation of funds between organizations and their senior management. Some of the organizations like CRC have been misusing donations contributed to help vulnerable people in the society to other projects. The other research designs were excluded by the fact that the scenario required exploration but not coming up with a specific answer. 4. Sampling methods                     They are classified as either non probability or probability. In a probability case, each item of the population has a non-zero probability of being selected. It involves random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling. Non probability sampling includes convenience sampling, judgment sampling, snowball sampling and quota sampling. The research based on the recent controversies in Ireland took a stratified sampling. In this form, a subset of population is selected who are believed to have at least one characteristic in common. The research was carried out in specific areas where people with similar characteristics are expected to disclose certain information. For instance, in the labor party national conference held at Killarney, CRC senior management were ordered to disclose their sources of finance and money obtained through donations. They were also to give an account of how they have spent that money. Other alternatives were excluded as the scenario involved a specific group but not the whole population. 5. Instruments used in the research                     An instrument refers to a generic term used by researchers for a measurement device that may be in form of a test, survey, questionnaire, interview, a set of guidelines for observation, or a research tool (Voss 2012: pp.195-219). In the Ireland scenario of salaries top-ups controversies, some different research instruments have been put into consideration. During the background research, questionnaires and interview were applied when obtaining people’s opinions concerning the recent issue. An interview was also carried out when CRC senior management was requested to give an account of how they have spent donated money. 6. Proposed techniques in data analysis                     Data analysis refers to a process of cleaning, inspecting, transforming, and data modeling. This is carried out with an aim of discovering useful information, coming up with conclusions, and supporting the process of decision making (Gorski 2009: p.759). It is a multiple approaches and facets, encompassing different techniques under a variety of names. Data analysis is done using two major techniques namely univariate and multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis is the proposed technique for the research project. This technique gives a wider variety of opinions as it involves multiple measurements. Univariate is excluded on the bases that it is focused on a single variable and the research involves different variables. 7. Estimated budget and timeline for the research                     Every research project needs to be economical and timely. The above research is estimated to take at least 3-4months. This will facilitate quick actions being taken to address the issues surrounding the charity sector before it collapses. The project will be more economical considering the existing financial issues in the countries. Considering all matters at hand, the project has an estimated budget of â‚ ¬1.2 million. In conclusion, the recent controversies in Ireland need to be addressed urgently before the whole charity sector collapses. Research has revealed that majority of the Irish citizens are unwilling to continue supporting the sector. The move to top-up executives’ salaries has made people to lose hope with the sector. Many organizations such as CRC have taken the advantage of the issue to divert vulnerable money to capital projects. A global humanitarian assistance report of July 2010 ranked the country as the fourth most generous in per citizen donations. To maintain this, the government needs to take substantive actions to solve the problem. References Eiben, G. M., Hammond, S., & Schaw, C. (2012). Research methods in psychology. London: Sage Publications. Valbuena, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2009). Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Parahoo, W. K. (2010). E-learning by design (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer. Mann, T. (2010). The Oxford guide to library research (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Denzin, R., & Kumar, R. (2010). The long view from Delhi: to define the Indian grand strategy for foreign policy. New Delhi: Academic Foundation in association with Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. Northern Ireland;. (2009). London: Labour Party. Symposium programme. (2011). Dublin: Central Remedial Clinic. Harvey, C. H. (2012). The act for the more effectual application of charitable donations and bequests in Ireland: (7 & 8 Victoria, cap. xcvii) : with explanatory notes on the several sections. London: J.W. Parker. Voss, B. G. (2012). Discourse as a normative instrument analysis of mental illness on a disability services discussion list. Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri-Columbia. Gorski, W. L. (2009). Microsoft ® Excel Data Analysis and Business Modeling. New York: O’Reilly Media, Inc. Grove, E.& Burn, R . (2009). Adventures in social research: data analysis using IBM SPSS statistics (7th ed.). Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press. Polit et al. (2011). Collaborative interdisciplinary team teaching in Japan a study of practitioner and student perspectives. Australia: Macquarie University. Source document